
Ulysses S. Grant, a war hero who sought peace after the horrors of Civil War, struggled with a Congress that was divided on the issue of civil rights. He watched his own Supreme Court appointments undermine the new Reconstruction amendments to the Constitution as the Court interpreted them in a narrow, even harsh, fashion. Grant never lost his status as an American hero. Yet he left the presidency frustrated that he had failed to unite a divided nation and had failed to meaningfully protect the rights of black citizens.
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