The Middle East category has 186 audiobooks on Listento.it, with an average listener rating of 4.3★ across 560 ratings. The most-rated is The Crusades.
Julfa and New Julfa Armenians
Summary
From the depopulation of Julfa to the birth of New Julfa, these Armenians experienced destruction, exodus, and sanctuary. Shah Abbas force marches the Armenians out of old Julfa into Persia. They suffer greatly on the journey, but the Shah builds them a new city New Julfa, where they experience great wealth and peace. But then, oppression returns.
©2019 Michael Boyajian (P)2020 Michael Boyajian
Mahdist War
Summary
Discover the remarkable history of the Mahdist War.... The Mahdist War took place at the end of the 19th century between Sudanese rebels and their Egyptian colonizers. A religious leader claiming to be the Islamic Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad, raised an army and led a movement to guide not only Sudanese Muslims, but Muslims worldwide. He and the Mahdists envisioned a future in which they would live by the teachings of the Qur’an. However, larger global forces, especially those of global imperialism, would stand in their way. From the Mahdist grassroots movement to independence to reconquest, this is the story of the Mahdist War. Discover a plethora of topics such as Life under Egyptian rule Muhammad Ahmad, the Mahdi British entrenchment The Suakin expedition The reconquest of Sudan The end of the war And much more! So if you want a concise and informative book on the Mahdist War, simply scroll up and click the "Buy now" button for instant access!
©2020 Hourly History (P)2020 Hourly History
Umma
Summary
When American archaeologists discovered a collection of cuneiform tablets in Iraq in the late 19th century, they were confronted with a language and a people who were at the time only scarcely known to even the most knowledgeable scholars of ancient Mesopotamia: the Sumerians. The exploits and achievements of other Mesopotamian peoples, such as the Assyrians and Babylonians, were already known to a large segment of the population through the Old Testament. The nascent field of Near Eastern studies had unraveled the enigma of the Akkadian language that was widely used throughout the region in ancient times, but the discovery of the Sumerian tablets brought to light the existence of the Sumerian culture, which was the oldest of all the Mesopotamian cultures. Although the Sumerians continue to get second or even third billing compared to the Babylonians and Assyrians, perhaps because they never built an empire as great as the Assyrians or established a city as enduring and great as Babylon, they were the people who provided the template of civilization that all later Mesopotamians built upon. The Sumerians are credited with being the first people to invent writing, libraries, cities, and schools in Mesopotamia (Ziskind 1972, 34), and many would argue that they were the first people to create and do those things anywhere in world. There were many great cities in the ancient Near East that influenced the course of history. Babylon and Jerusalem are two of the better known, but Nineveh, Damascus, Ur, Uruk, Memphis, Thebes, and Sidon were just a few of the great cities where science and literature were created, theologies proposed, and empires born. There are numerous reasons why these cities became prominent, many of which were related to the fortuitous circumstances of environment and politics, but for every one of the great cities, there were many more that flourished and then had their prestige overshadowed by the growth of their larger neighbors. These cities often played important roles in the historical processes of the region for a time, but due to numerous circumstances, their influence proved to be ephemeral. One of the most interesting of these early ephemeral cities was Umma. Located in the southern region of Mesopotamia known as Sumer, Umma became a prominent Sumerian city in the early third millennium BCE, and while Uruk was the most important Sumerian city during that era, Umma was close behind in influence and power and for a time, seemed poised to become the most important place in Sumer. A powerful dynasty arose in Umma that expanded its influence across southern Mesopotamia, uniting the Sumerian cities under one government, but the central position that Umma enjoyed proved to be temporary because Semitic conquerors from the north forced Umma and the other cities to accept their rule. Umma continued to exist and even prosper, and it eventually became a somewhat important city again under the Neo-Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur in the late third millennium BCE It was not until the sixth century BCE that Umma went unmentioned in the historical record during the Neo-Babylonian Period. By then, the city was a shadow of its former self, but some of the earliest known Mesopotamian historiographical inscriptions were recorded in Umma, the god of its city became an important deity in the Mesopotamian pantheon, and its merchants became well-known for introducing a type of silver standard for trade. Thus, even as Umma was forgotten even as far back as ancient times, it continues to fascinate modern historians and archaeologists.
©2020 Charles River Editors (P)2020 Charles River Editors
No True Glory
Summary
Fallujah: Iraq's most dangerous city unexpectedly emerged as the major battleground of the Iraqi insurgency. For 20 months, one American battalion after another tried to quell the violence, culminating in a bloody, full-scale assault. Victory came at a terrible price: 151 Americans and thousands of Iraqis were left dead. The epic battle for Fallujah revealed the startling connections between policy and combat that are a part of the new reality of war. The Marines had planned to slip into Fallujah "as soft as fog". But after four American contractors were brutally murdered, President Bush ordered an attack on the city, against the advice of the Marines. The assault sparked a political firestorm, and the Marines were forced to withdraw amid controversy and confusion, only to be ordered a second time to take a city that had become an inferno of hate and the lair of the archterrorist al-Zarqawi. Based on months spent with the battalions in Fallujah and hundreds of interviews at every level (senior policymakers, negotiators, generals, and soldiers and Marines on the front lines) No True Glory is a testament to the bravery of the American soldier and a cautionary tale about the complex, and often costly, interconnected roles of policy, politics, and battle in the twenty-first century.
©2005 Bing West (P)2005 Random House, Inc. Random House Audio, a division of Random House, Inc.
The Six Day War and the Yom Kippur War: The History of the Military Conflicts that Established Israel as a Superpower in the Middle East
Summary
Despite losing the 1948 War, Arab nations throughout the Middle East had still refused to recognize Israel’s right to exist. After the Suez Crisis, Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser envisioned creating a unified Arab world, commonly referred to as pan-Arabism. Nasser was the consummate pan-Arab leader in the 1960s, positioning himself as the leader of the Arab world through increasing incitement against Israel with rhetoric. Israel found itself in possession of more land after 1948 than envisioned by the U.N. Partition Plan, but the Green Line still left it less than 10 miles wide in some positions. In the summer of 1967, the armies of Jordan and Syria mobilized near Israel’s borders, while Egypt’s army mobilized in the Sinai Peninsula just west of the Gaza Strip. Combined, the Arab armies numbered over 200,000 soldiers. In early June 1967, the Israelis captured Jordanian intelligence that indicated an invasion was imminent, and on June 5, 1967, the Israel Broadcasting Authority aired an Israeli Defense Force communique. “Since the early hours of this morning,” it read, “heavy fighting has been taking place on the southern front between Egyptian armored and aerial forces, which moved against Israel, and our forces, which went into action to check them.” Over the next six days, the Israelis overwhelmed the Egyptians in the west, destroying thousands of tanks and capturing the Gaza Strip and the entire Sinai Peninsula. At the same time, Israel drove the Jordanians out of Jerusalem and the West Bank, and it captured the Golan Heights from Syria near the border of Lebanon. In the span of a week, Israel had tripled the size of the lands it controlled. Israel had gone from less than 10 miles wide in some spots to over 200 miles wide from the Sinai Peninsula to the West Bank. Israel also unified Jerusalem.
©2018 Charles River Editors (P)2018 Charles River Editors
Saving Israel
Summary
As it prepared to ward off an invasion by five well-equipped neighboring armies in 1948, newborn Israel lacked the weapons to defend itself. Enter Al Schwimmer, an American World War II veteran who feared a repeat of the Holocaust. He created factitious airlines, bought decommissioned airplanes from the US War Asset Administration, fixed them in California and New Jersey, and sent his pilots - Jewish and non-Jewish WWII aviators - to pick up rifles, bullets, and fighter planes from the only country willing to break the international arms embargo: communist Czechoslovakia. For the crime of arming Israel with basic war instruments and battle-ready planes, including Messerschmitt fighters and B-17 bombers, Schwimmer and key members of his team paid a heavy price. They lost their civil rights after being convicted of breaking the arms embargo and America's Neutrality Act. Years later, three presidents would pardon three of them. The operation members risked their lives, freedom, and US citizenship to prevent what they viewed as an imminent genocide. They evaded the FBI and State Department, gained the support of the mafia, smuggled weapons - mostly Nazi surplus - across hostile territories, and went into combat in the Middle East. This book recreates the operation members’ sui generis journey in vivid scenes, capturing their multilayered stories and larger-than-life personalities. It documents the spirit as well as the facts of a mostly unknown mission to save a nascent-yet-ancient nation.
©2020 Boaz Dvir (P)2020 Rowman & Littlefield
The Ancient Nubians
Summary
During the several centuries that ancient Egypt stood as one of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world, conflicts with its neighbors often played a central role in hieroglyphic texts and art from temples and tombs. The three primary enemies of the Egyptians were the Libyans who occupied the Western Desert and its oases, the so-called Asiatics who lived in the Levant, and finally the Nubians to Egypt’s south. Among the three peoples, the Nubians were the most "Egyptianized" and at times were integral to the development of Egyptian history. Truly, the Nubians were the greatest of all sub-Saharan peoples in pre-modern times and deserve to be studied in their own right, apart from ancient Egyptian history. Unfortunately, it is often difficult for scholars to separate aspects of ancient Nubian culture that were truly unique and "Nubian" from those elements that were Egyptian, as the Nubians borrowed heavily in terms of culture from their northern neighbor. One historian noted, "As expected, strong Nubian features and dark coloring are seen in their sculpture and relief work. This dynasty ranks as among the greatest, whose fame far outlived its actual tenure on the throne. Especially interesting, it was a member of this dynasty that decreed that no Nehsy (riverine Nubian of the principality of Kush), except such as came for trade or diplomatic reasons, should pass by the Egyptian fortress and cops at the southern end of the Second Nile Cataract. Why would this royal family of Nubian ancestry ban other Nubians from coming into Egyptian territory? Because the Egyptian rulers of Nubian ancestry had become Egyptians culturally; as pharaohs, they exhibited typical Egyptian attitudes and adopted typical Egyptian policies." Robert S. Bianchi went even further: "It is an extremely difficult task to attempt to describe the Nubians during the course of Egypt's New Kingdom, because their presence appears to have virtually evaporated from the archaeological record. The result has been described as a wholesale Nubian assimilation into Egyptian society. This assimilation was so complete that it masked all Nubian ethnic identities insofar as archaeological remains are concerned beneath the impenetrable veneer of Egypt's material culture." An in-depth examination of the ancient Nubians reveals that although the Nubians were closely related culturally in many ways to the Egyptians, they produced a culture that had many of its own unique attributes and was far more advanced than any other culture in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the ancient Nubians get second billing to the Egyptians and are therefore not known as well to the general public, they were truly a remarkable people who left a cultural legacy that has stood the test of time.
©2016 Charles River Editors (P)2016 Charles River Editors
Thoth
Summary
Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of ancient Egyptian civilization was its inception from the ground up, as the ancient Egyptians had no prior civilization they could use as a template. In fact, ancient Egypt itself became a template for the civilizations that followed. The Greeks and the Romans were so impressed with Egyptian culture that they often attributed many attributes of their own culture - usually erroneously - to the Egyptians. To the ancient Egyptians, as was the case with any society made up of inquiring humans, the world was a confusing and often terrifying place of destruction, death, and unexplained phenomena. In order to make sense of such an existence, they resorted to teleological stories. Giving a phenomenon a story made it less horrifying, and it also helped them make sense of the world around them. Unsurprisingly, then, the ancient Egyptian gods permeated every aspect of existence. Baboons held a prestigious place in Egyptian religion. They were kept as sacred animals in many temples because contemporary Egyptians considered them the original religious observers, particularly with respect to the sun god Re. Ancient Egyptians took the wild baboons stretching on their hind legs, forelegs raised to the sky, to be an oration to the sun god at dawn. Furthermore, these ancient ancestors of the land of Egypt were greeted at dawn by the concatenations of the baboons nattering, which the religious-minded took to be an early-morning devotion. They even believed the baboons spoke the original language of religion, and a claim they could understand baboons was often one asserted by certain members of the priestly class. However, it is his association with the ibis that most defines Thoth’s visual imagery. Since the ancient Egyptians believed the universe arose from the swamplike waters of Nun, it was the water bird that garnered the most prestigious veneration. Birds like geese, herons, and the ibises were associated with this period of creation, and according to some beliefs, the world came about thanks to the great “honk” of a primordial goose, whose eggshell was said to be preserved in the temple of Thoth. It was believed Re created Thoth’s baboon form to be that of his “shining moon”, but his ibis form was that of a messenger between heaven and earth (although he was much more than this). Thoth: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Egyptian God Who Maintains the Universe looks at the mythology surrounding one of antiquity’s most famous deities. You will learn about Thoth like never before.
©2018 Charles River Editors (P)2018 Charles River Editors
Gamal Abdel Nasser and Anwar Sadat
Summary
Gamal Abdel Nasser has been called many things. The father of modern-day Egypt. The founder of Arab nationalism. The leader of the Egyptian Revolution. The second president of the Egyptian Republic. The creator of his own brand of political and social governance - Nasserism. Anthony Eden, the former British prime minister, called him the "Mussolini of the Nile". Nasser was all of these things and much more. Indeed he led the revolution that overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and subsequently shaped and led the new Egyptian government. He became a prominent regional and world leader, playing a significant role in the Non-Alignment Movement that he cofounded, formed during the midst of the Cold War. He led his country toward modernization and industrialization, implementing social and economic reforms focused on strengthening the nation and improving the lives of the people. Yet Nasser's legacy goes beyond state governance and policies; his name, to this day, evokes great emotion among Egyptians and much of the Arab world. His funeral in 1970 drew millions of mourners and an outpouring of genuine grief across the Arab world. In addition to working to carve a path for a new Egypt, Nasser aimed to help the rest of the Arab nations of the Middle East by uniting the historically uncooperative Arab countries and encouraging them to act as a united front. Nasser was not the first to see that Arab countries more often than not had much in common, including resources, political policies, and social structures, but he was the first to take action and work to get the Arab countries to work together. The concept of pan-Arabism that Nasser furthered during his presidency had lasting impact on the region that continued decades after his death.
©2012 Charles River Editors (P)2015 Charles River Editors
Terror Holiday
Summary
This history is based on the recent coup attempt in Turkey on July 15, 2016, and an English family's frightening holiday experience during this time.
©Permenant Colin Guest (P)2018 Colin Guest
Afro Hair of the Ancient Egyptians and Blackheads, Africans of Mesopotamia
Summary
The Caucasian appearance of the hair on Egyptian mummies has been skillfully avoided by many Black scholars. Professor Diop appears to have been the only scholar to give it even a cursory treatment. We believe had he lived beyond 1986 he would have given the question the detail of attention it deserved. We conclude this because of the scientific pioneering spirit he showed in conducting the melanin dosage test is the same one that would have been required to solve this problem. This booklet deals with the contentious issue and puts it to rest. The ancient Egyptians had Afro hair! Professor Cheikh Anta Diop used the multi-disciplinary method to prove that the ancient Egyptians were Black. Now for the first time the ancient Mesopotamians are having the same multi-disciplinary approach applied to them. There is also a review of their political history and spiritual accomplishments. Art, anthropology, religion, and history show the Mesopotamians of ancient times were Black. This book was presented as a lecture alongside Dr. Ben in October 2001 at the Dr. Ben Memorial Lecture in London.
©2014 Anu M'Bantu (P)2015 Anu M'Bantu
Queens of Jerusalem
Summary
In 1187 Saladin's armies besieged the holy city of Jerusalem. He had previously annihilated Jerusalem's army at the battle of Hattin and behind the city's high walls a last-ditch defence was being led by an unlikely trio - including Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem. They could not resist Saladin, but, if they were lucky, they could negotiate terms that would save the lives of the city's inhabitants. Queen Sibylla was the last of a line of formidable female rulers in the Crusader States of Outremer. Yet for all the many books written about the Crusades, one aspect is conspicuously absent: the stories of women. Queens and princesses tend to be presented as passive transmitters of land and royal blood. In reality, women ruled, conducted diplomatic negotiations, made military decisions, forged alliances, rebelled and undertook architectural projects. Sibylla's grandmother Queen Melisende was the first queen to seize real political agency in Jerusalem and rule in her own right. She outmanoeuvred both her husband and son to seize real power in her kingdom and was a force to be reckoned with in the politics of the medieval Middle East. The lives of her Armenian mother, her three sisters and their daughters and granddaughters were no less intriguing. The lives of this trailblazing dynasty of royal women and the crusading Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine are the focus of Katherine Pangonis's debut book. In Queens of Jerusalem she explores the role women played in the governing of the Middle East during periods of intense instability and how they persevered to rule and seize greater power for themselves when the opportunity presented itself. PLEASE NOTE: When you purchase this title, the accompanying PDF will be available in your Audible Library along with the audio.
©2021 Katherine Pangonis (P)2021 Orion Publishing Group
The Afsharid and Qajar Dynasty
Summary
If you want to discover the captivating history of the Afsharid and Qajar Dynasty, then pay attention.... Most people have heard about the famous and mighty Persian Empire of old, be it the one ruled by the Achaemenid Dynasty which challenged the Greeks and ultimately fell to the might Alexander the Great or the later Persian Empire ruled by the Parthian and Sassanid Dynasties which fought against the Romans and the Byzantines before being conquered by the Arab tribes which brought the Islamic religion to the Iranian Plateau. However, after those glory days of the ancient era, the Persian story is relatively ignored, hidden in the dark corners of history. Because of this, most of us have no idea how the Persian Empire became the contemporary Iranian republic. This guide aims to fill this hole in the Persian story, taking a look at the modern history of Iran during which this crucial change occurred. In The Afsharid and Qajar Dynasty: A Captivating Guide to Two Iranian Dynasties Who Ruled Persia from 1736 to 1925, you will discover topics such as: Geography and Ancient History of Persia Modern History of Persia and the Afsharid Dynasty The Persian Empire under the Qajar Dynasty Modern Persian Society Culture of Modern Persia And Much, Much More! So if you want to learn more about the history of the Afsharid and Qajar Dynasty, scroll up and click the "buy" button!
©2019 Captivating History (P)2019 Captivating History
The Crusades: A History From Beginning to End
Summary
The Crusades are the prototype and epitome of the Holy War. The fight to take control of the city of Jerusalem, believed to be the most sacred Holy City to two distinct religions of Christianity and Islam, has lasted far longer than the two centuries of the Crusades, and its reach has extended far further than Europe and the Middle East. Over the course of nine organized campaigns and many more unorganized ones, the Christian West militarized in the name of God to push back the threat of Islam advancing from the East. Inside you will read about.... Peace in War: A Background to the Crusades The First to the Eighth Crusade Establishing the Crusader States The Children’s Crusade and Crusading Against Christians? The Last Crusade And much more! Understanding the Crusades is key in understanding the religious divides that still threaten the order of the world.
©2017 Hourly History (P)2018 Hourly History
Black Origins of Ancient Rome and Black Roman Emperors
Summary
This is the first audiobook of its kind devoted to Black origins of Rome. Listen to the story of civilization being established in Italy and about the mysterious Etruscans. Listen to the story of the African descent of some Roman emperors. A must-listen for those interested in Black origins.
©2013 Gert Muller (P)2015 Gert Muller
The Battle of Lepanto: The History of the Decisive Naval Battle Between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League
Summary
In terms of geopolitics, perhaps the most seminal event of the Middle Ages was the successful Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1453. The city had been an imperial capital as far back as the fourth century, when Constantine the Great shifted the power center of the Roman Empire there, effectively establishing two almost equally powerful halves of antiquity’s greatest empire. Constantinople would continue to serve as the capital of the Byzantine Empire even after the Western half of the Roman Empire collapsed in the late fifth century. Naturally, the Ottoman Empire would also use Constantinople as the capital of its empire after their conquest effectively ended the Byzantine Empire, and thanks to its strategic location, it has been a trading center for years and remains one today under the Turkish name of Istanbul. The end of the Byzantine Empire had a profound effect not only on the Middle East but Europe as well. Constantinople had played a crucial part in the Crusades, and the fall of the Byzantines meant that the Ottomans now shared a border with Europe. The Islamic empire was viewed as a threat by the predominantly Christian continent to their west, and it took little time for different European nations to start clashing with the powerful Turks. In fact, the Ottomans would clash with Russians, Austrians, Venetians, Polish, and more before collapsing as a result of World War I, when they were part of the Central powers. In the wake of taking Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire would spend the next few centuries expanding its size, power, and influence, bumping up against Eastern Europe and becoming one of the world’s most important geopolitical players. It would take repeated efforts by various European coalitions to prevent a complete Ottoman takeover of the continent, and one of the most important battles among those efforts took place in 1571. The Battle of Lepanto is one of the great iconic military clashes of history, ranked with Waterloo, Hastings, Somme, and the Battle of Britain. It was the last and largest great battle involving galleys - oared vessels that rammed and boarded enemy vessels - and also the first great naval conflict that effectively used cannons. It was a clash between two great civilizations fighting for supremacy in the world and for control of Europe: the Ottoman Empire and the Christian states of Europe. The Museu Maritim in Barcelona houses a life-sized replica of the Real, the flagship of the Holy League, as well as numerous small models and contemporary paintings. The Museo Storico Navale in Venice boasts models of galleys and galleasses (gunboats). Christian (particularly Catholic) tradition has hailed the Battle of Lepanto as a triumph of the West, while the Islamic world has largely ignored it as insignificant. What is certain is that it temporarily checked Ottoman naval power and helped save Europe from a potential invasion.
©2019 Charles River Editors (P)2019 Charles River Editors
![Cover art for Jerusalen esta llamando Peregrinaje a la Tierra Santa [Jerusalem Is Calling Pilgrimage to the Holy Land]](https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51aUCT2A8tL._SL500_.jpg)
Jerusalen esta llamando Peregrinaje a la Tierra Santa [Jerusalem Is Calling Pilgrimage to the Holy Land]
Summary
¿TE HAS PREGUNTADO CO?MO SE SIENTE CAMINAR DONDE JESU?S CAMINO??¿ESTA?S LISTO PARA TOMAR ESTA TRAVESI?A ESPIRITUAL CONMIGO Y SEGUIR SUS HUELLAS? En Jerusalen esta? llamando, Robbie Freeman Shugart comparte contigo su peregrinaje a la Tierra Santa. En el libro de Marcos, Jesu?s les dice a Sus disci?pulos que “vayan por todo el mundo y anuncien las buenas nuevas” acerca de lo que E?l hizo, y demostrar a otros, en Su nombre, los milagros, las sen?ales y maravillas que siguen a los creyentes.En Mateo, Jesu?s dice, “Pidan, y se les dara?; busquen, y encontrara?n; llamen, y se les abrira?”. Si esta?s buscando respuestas, o anhelas que se abran puertas en tu vida, es muy posible que un viaje a Jerusale?n te de? la claridad que necesitas. “No hay mejor tiempo que ahora para escuchar el llamado del corazo?n de Dios en Jerusale?n. Al caminar en las huellas de Jesu?s, tu vida cambiara? para siempre. Lo se?, porque cambio? la mi?a”.ROBBIE FREEMAN SHUGARTCOMIENZA TU PEREGRINAJE HOY MISMO, AL PERMITIR QUE ESTE LIBRO TE GUI?E EN EL CAMINO. Please note: This audiobook is in Spanish.
©2018 Robbie F Shugart (P)2019 Robbie F Shugart
Crusader Castles
Summary
A series of mountain chains frame the Levantine coast, growing in height as they approach modern-day Lebanon. These provided a natural defense along the important coast, and the few passes through these mountain ranges were the focal points of movement and communication. For this reason, these locations were where many crusader castles were erected. Bristling with fortifications, these impressive structures were occupied by orders of knights who came to the Holy Land with the Pope's blessing, and who have gained a most romantic status in history. These Crusaders were called al Faranj ("Franks") by the Arabs in the Holy Land, reflecting the French origins of many of the knights, even though the knights, soldiers, and pilgrims came to the Holy Land from all over Europe, and in particular from southern Italy, Germany, and England. For the men who built and manned these castles, they were much more than buildings surrounded by stone walls or wooden palisades. They were also more than a headquarters for knights and their armies during battle, or a storehouse for goods in the remoteness of the Levant. These castles were the central focal point for those who held them and those trying to conquer them, and it would not be an exaggeration to claim that castles were the nexus for much activity and conflict within the Holy Lands. At the same time, the castles were filled with the hustle and bustle of activity caused by a wide range of actors even in times of relative peace and stability. Men-at-arms were the soldiers who manned the castle, protected the borders of the Crusader states, and followed the orders of their noble knight lords, but the castles also served as a gathering place for skilled craftsmen such as blacksmiths, potters, stone masons, bakers, carpenters, and the like. Many served as religious centers in their own right, containing at least one chapel of either Christian or Muslim faith. The Muslim efforts to reclaim and rule the Levant were just as important and interesting as those of the Crusaders. Initially led by the atabegs of Aleppo, and later by the renowned Saladin (known also as Salah Ed¬Din), various Muslim forces took and retook the Holy City of Jerusalem. The cycle of conflicts between the Crusader states and the Muslim armies was disrupted in 1260 CE when the Mongols, having roved without obstruction across Eurasia, invaded the region with the support of the Armenians and some of the Crusader states. However, they were eventually defeated by the mighty Mamelukes of Egypt, who in turn focused their attention on consolidating their control over the Near East and eradicating the European presence in the region. Finally, in 1302 CE the Mamelukes conquered the last Crusader stronghold at Arwad, leaving one last remaining Crusader state - the Kingdom of Cyprus, which held out until it was invaded by the Ottomans in 1571 CE.
©2016 Charles River Editors (P)2016 Charles River Editors
East African Origin of the Ancient Egyptians
Summary
The ancient Egyptians originated in East Africa. Evidence for this can be found in the ancient religious texts of the Egyptians, which describe the people and places in the afterlife. These places coincide with real people and places in East Africa. These real people of East Africa, the Nubians, were considered, in some contexts, demigods by the Egyptians. The ancient Egyptian afterlife paradise was called the Tuat. It was imagined to be a place of lakes and mountains like East Africa. The Egyptians knew these places because they originated in this region and called it Place of the First Time.
©2013 Gert Muller (P)2015 Gert Muller
Egyptian Romany
Summary
This book reveals the Ancient Egyptian roots of the Romany (Gypsies) and how they brought about the civilization and orientalization of Hispania over the past 6,000 years. The book also shows the intimate relationship between Egypt and Hispania archaeologically, historically, culturally, ethnologically, linguistically, etc., as a result of the immigration of the Egyptian Romany (Gypsies) to Iberia. This expanded version of the book consists of 14 chapters: Chapter One, The Romany (Gypsy) Essence of Hispania, sorts through the subject of the Gypsies and differentiates the Egyptian Romany from non-Egyptian nomadic groups. It highlights their Egyptian characteristics and their different related groups. Chapter Two, Our Heavenly Mother, shows how Ancient Egypt and Iberia share the intense love for the Virgin Mother (known in Ancient Egypt as Isis and in Christianity as Mary/Maria). Chapter Three, Out of Egypt, gives an overview of the major pitfalls in the common theories about the history of Iberia. It provides the accounts of early Egyptian immigration to other countries, and accounts of some of their early settlements in Asia and Europe. Chapter Four, The Egyptian-Hispanic Alloys Chapter Five, In the Beginning - Almeria, highlights the archaeological findings at the early settlements in several Iberian regions - beginning at Almeria, and correlates these activities in Iberia with Ancient Egypt - to show unique similarities and affinities between Ancient Egypt (in pre- and early dynastic times) and Iberia, in all aspects of religion, architecture, farming, metalworking, etc. Chapter Six, Masters of the Seas, shows the supremacy of the Ancient Egypt ships, their sizes, types, and functions. Chapter Seven, Merchants of the Seas, shows that Phoenicians were experienced seafarers and traders and nothing else. The Phoenicians did not have the number of people (or the talent) for the farming, art, industry, and building skills necessary to establish new settlements in Iberia or elsewhere. Chapter Eight, Canopus and Cádiz: A Tale of Two Harbors Chapter Nine, The Assyrian Devastation and Aftershocks, correlates the rise of power of the Assyrians (and later the Persians), to the waves of mass migration from Ancient Egypt, which coincided with the increase in population and the number of settlements in Iberia. Chapter Ten, Romanticizing the Romans, addresses the lack of merit of Romans’ influence in Iberia - in all aspects of Iberian life, such as culture, government, religion, language, society, buildings, etc. Chapter 11, The Moors and the Egyptians, addresses the falsehoods of credits given to the Moors/Moslems/Arabs; and how all these aspects and activities were only found in Egypt. It also shows the huge number of Egyptian settlers. Chapter 12, The Origin of the Hispanic Languages/Dialects, defines the role of the Ancient Egypt language as the mother of all Semitic languages, as well as all other languages/dialects in the Mediterranean Basin and beyond. Chapter 13, The Animated Religious Traditions, shows how the people of both Egypt and the Iberian Peninsula share the same concept of animism, the power of saints, religious pilgrimages, festivals, etc. Chapter 14, The Egyptian-Hispanic Musical Heritage, shows the intimacy between the Egyptians and Iberian heritage as it relates to music, poetry, song, and dance.
©2017, 2018 Moustafa Gadalla (P)2020 Moustafa Gadalla